Unavoidable limits on group size in a body size-based linear hierarchy

On the Strength of Size Limits in Linear Genetic Programming

Bloat is a common and well studied problem in genetic programming. Size and depth limits are often used to combat bloat, but to date there has been little detailed exploration of the effects and biases of such limits. In this paper we present empirical and theoretical analyses of the effect of size limits on variable length linear structures. Specifically, we examine the relationship between si...

Total Knee Replacement Sizing: Shoe Size Is a Better Predictor for Implant Size than Body Height

Background: Various sizes of implants need to be available during surgery. The purpose of this paper is to comparebody height and shoe size with implant sizes in patients who underwent total knee replacement surgery to see whichbiomarker is a better predictor for preoperative planning to determine implant size.Methods: A total of 100 knees, belonging to 50 females and 50 males, were observed. P...

Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates

Two general kinds of theory (one ecological and one social) have been advanced to explain the fact that primates have larger brains and greater congnitive abilities than other animals. Data on neocortex volume, group size and a number of behavioural ecology variables are used to test between the various theories. Group size is found to be a function of relative neocortical volume, but the ecolo...

Atmospheric Hypoxia Limits Selection for Large Body Size in Insects

BACKGROUND The correlations between Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen fluctuations and insect body size suggest that higher oxygen levels facilitate the evolution of larger size in insects. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Testing this hypothesis we selected Drosophila melanogaster for large size in three oxygen atmospheric partial pressures (aPO(2)). Fly body sizes increased by 15% during 11 gene...

Temperature-associated upper limits to body size in terrestrial poikilotherms